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Name: Kamrul Islam Mishu Kutubi
Date registered: November 20, 2009
URL: http://www.kutubdianews.com
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I am an ordinary man having some lofty Ambitions.I like the truth of any truth.I hate liars and Hypocrites.I want to lead my Life in a simple way that brings Happiness. Thanks For Your Patience To Read Me.

Latest posts

  1. Caesarean Section in Early Islamic Literature — January 16, 2012
  2. Got Money? Then You Might Lack Compassion — January 7, 2012
  3. Not Birdbrains Anymore: Scientists Discover Pigeons Can Count — January 7, 2012
  4. China’s Going to the Moon — And That’s Good for Everyone — January 7, 2012
  5. Make Money Online with Affiliate Internet Marketing — January 3, 2012

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Jan
16
2012

Caesarean Section in Early Islamic Literature

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January 16, 2012

1. Introduction


Some medical historians of the last century mistakenly recorded that Caesarean section was strictly forbidden amongst Muslims. This opinion has been repeatedly quoted without examining its authenticity or validity. Research into available ancient Arabic sources can lead to evidence contrary to such a view. The Islamic scholars of the Middle ages were, in fact, the first to not only write about this operation but to illustrate it in pictures and describe it in poetry. Considering the antiquity of their time, it is unfair to compare them with scholars of a later date; but their achievements must be valued.

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Figure 1: A miniature page of al-Firdawsî’s Shahnama indicating the birth of Rustam. Source: Topkapi Palace Library, MS H 1479.

2. The debate in historical sources

During the middle of the last century, some medical historians erroneously recorded that Arab authorities in the Middle Ages discouraged surgical advances in general and particularly prohibited the operation of Caesarean section. Since then this view has been quoted without questioning its validity. One reference regarding Caesarean section quoted repeatedly came from a French army doctor. In 1863, C. Rique wrote about medical legislation in Arabia [1]. He mentioned that post-mortem Caesarean section was strictly forbidden by Sidi Khalif, whose opinion carried great weight in matters of casuistry among Muslims. The author did not take care to establish the authority of Sidi Khalif, who is unknown in Arabic literature. Moreover the opinion of one nineteenth century person cannot be applied retrospectively to medical practices of earlier periods and it is unfortunate that Rique’s view has often been quoted as applicable throughout Arabian medical history.

In 1944 Young in his History of Caesarean Section wrote: ‘Mohammedanism absolutely forbids it, (Caesarean section) and directs that any child so born must be slain forthwith as it is the offspring of the Devil’ [2]. This statement matches what Rique had said, but has been quoted without reference to any original source. A more modern example comes from Wright who also wrote that the Muslim religion absolutely forbade this operation [3]. This opinion was again expressed without any supporting evidence, but vaguely argued that this operation had not been mentioned in the writings of some of the great Arabic physicians of the Middle Ages. But in the same paragraph the author also stated that neither had any of the great European medical writers mentioned this operation, for example Eucharius Röslin in the famous Rosegarten published in 1513.

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Figure 2: The miniature depicting of Rustem’s birth by Nursel Uvendire (Original source: Shahnama-i Firdawsī, Turk-Islam Exhibits Museum, Istanbul, MS 1955). Image taken from: Turkish Medical History through Miniature Pictures. ed. Nil Sari, Istanbul 2002.

3. The legacy of Islamic medicine

In order to study the medical history of the period it is important to keep in mind that we are dealing with a period more than half a millennium before the European Renaissance. Professor Ullmann, a contemporary author of Arab medical history has expressed this better ‘Islamic medicine is the discipline of a period which knew no renaissance and no enlightenment, one must therefore be careful not to measure it with the same yardstick that one would apply to the history of European discipline’ [4]. Such a view is further strengthened when we remember that this operation remained highly controversial in Europe until the eighteenth century, and that the first successful Caesarean section in England was not performed until 1793 [5].

Due to a lack of source material, some historians relied on works unrelated to medical history, such as the story of a slave girl Tawaddud from the ‘Arabian Nights’. The literary value of such a classic deserves due appreciation but it cannot take the place of serious medical or scientific works. Unfortunately, these weak references are still cited, ignoring information which has come to light. For example, it is now known that Yuhanna Ibn-Masawayh (777-857 CE) who was personal physician to Al-Ma’mun, used to dissect apes to learn anatomy [6].

It is accepted that there is a scarcity of source material, and books covering ancient Arab medical history are rare and unexplored. Relevant literature is not only scanty but scattered, fragmented and unedited. This view was expressed by the eminent Arabist E.G. Brown in 1922 and remains true to this day [7]. In spite of this handicap, if we confine ourselves to a fairly early period of Arab pursuit of knowledge, we come across some convincing evidence regarding Caesarean section. This evidence forces us to review the argument and come to the conclusion that the operation was known to Arabs, that they wrote about it and it was practised in the lands under their influence.

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Figure 3: The miniature of Rustem’s birth by Gaye Ozen (Original source: Shahnama-i Firdawsī, Turk-Islam Exhibits Museum, Istanbul, MS 1984). Image taken from: Turkish Medical History through Miniature Pictures. ed. Nil Sari, Istanbul 2002.

Arabs had three major sources available to them from which they could enlighten themselves regarding this interesting operation. Firstly, they had a close association and extremely cordial relationships with Jewish scholars of the period. Many of them contributed original material and took part in translating Greek and Latin medical literature into Arabic. It is a fact that the best known translators of the time were Jewish. They must also have transferred the Talmudic references about Caesarean section [8]. The second source of such knowledge could be from Roman history. During Roman times post-mortem Caesarean section was widely practised and governed by royal decree of King Pompilius (715-673 BCE) known as King’s Law or Lex Regia [9]. Lastly, probably the most important and richest source available to Arabs regarding this operation was from Indian doctors. Post-mortem Caesarean section was known and practised by Indians many centuries before Islam. The famous Indian medical authority Susruta wrote about the operation dating the fifth century BCE. It is also well established that during the period when Arabs were translating medical works. Indian doctors were employed to translate Indian books into Arabic. Ullmann tells us that Barmakīd Yahyū Ibn Khālid commissioned an Indian doctor Mankah to translate Susruta into Arabic. It is worth mentioning that the same Mankah also translated another Indian work into Arabic, entitled Kitāb-al-Sumūm, or the Book of Poisons, the original source of which is still unknown.

There is ample evidence that Indian doctors were associated with Arabic medical practice for a long time during the golden period of Arab progress. Indeed the Arabic word for pharmacy was actually derived from an Indian source [10]. Under these circumstances it is inconceivable that the concept of such an important operation would not have been introduced into Arab medical practice. This speculation about Indian influence may be further strengthened if one considers that practically all references relating to this operation originated in the eastern Caliphate or the area under the influence of Baghdad. It has not been mentioned by scholars of the western Caliphate or by the Arabs of Spanish origin. The most important surgical authority Abū al-Qāsim bin Abbās Al-Zahrāwī of Cordova who died in 1013 CE did not mention this operation although he devoted a full section to operative obstetrics in the 30 volumes of his Tasrīf [11].

4. The evidence from Islamic historical sources

But the most important, valuable and illustrated evidence regarding Caesarean section in Arabic literature comes from Al-Bīrūnī who died in 1048 CE at the age of 78 and who was the author of many books on history, medicine and philosophy. One of his unique manuscripts known as Al-Athār al-Bāqiyah `an al-Qurūn al-Khāliyah, is in the University of Edinburgh, MS No. 161. It was edited and translated into German and English by Professor E. Sachau in 1879 [12].

In this chronological history of nations, Al-Bīrūnī gave three references to Caesarean section. He wrote that Caesar Augustus (63 BCE-14CE) was born by post-mortem Caesarean section after his mother died. This is the opposite of the generally mistaken belief that Julius Caesar was born in this manner, as his mother was still alive when he invaded Britain.

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Figure 4: A Page from al-Firdawsī’s Shahnāme showing the Birth of Rustam. A Seventeenth century Persian Manuscript, Wellcome Institute Library, London.

Al-Bīrūnī also mentioned that Ahmad Ibn Sahl, who was a leader of a revolution against the Sāmānid ruler Nasr II (914-943 CE) of Transaxiana, was born by post-mortem Caesarean section. But the most important and unique evidence is to be found in one of the 24 pictures in this manuscript. This picture gives a clear description of a Caesarean section and is the earliest known book illustration of such an operation (Figure 5). Its importance is even greater when consideration is given to the antiquity of the author.

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Figure 5: Caesarean section as illustrated in the Manuscript of al-Bīrūnī, Al-Athār al-Bāqiyah `an al-Qurūn al-Khāliyah, MS 161, Edinburgh University.

It seems relevant to mention at this stage that, during the same period, Firdawsī (935-1025 CE) the famous Persian poet, finished his Shāhnāma. In this epic of 60 000 couplets he vividly described Caesarean section. Apart from the colourful and fascinating description of this operation, he also mentioned the use of anaesthesia during the operation [13]. The miniature in Figures 1,2,3 and 4 show a page at Al-Firdawsī’s 17th century manuscript illustrating the well known story of the birth of Rustam. Another unique example of artistic representation of Caesarean section is reproduced in Figure 6, it is dated 1352 by Binyon [14].

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Figure 6: A fourteenth century Persian manuscript, showing the birth of Rustam. Source: L. Binyon, Persian Miniature Paintings, London 1933.

5. Conclusion

Many purely religious references have been collected by a German author in a short paper supporting the view that this operation was never prohibited by any well known authority amongst Muslims [15]. The most important reference cited by this author is of Abū Hanīfa (699-767 CE), a highly respected Islamic jurist, who was of the opinion that Caesarean section was allowed on living or dead pregnant women.

In conclusion, it is fair to say that the opinion of some authors that surgery was discouraged and Caesarean section was prohibited by early Muslims was based on unreliable evidence. A search of literature which has already been edited and translated supports the view that early Muslim medical and religious authorities were the first to mention this operation in text and poetry and even to illustrate it in pictures.

6. Notes and references

[1] “Rique C. Etudes sur la Médicine Légale Ches les Arabes”. GAZ med de Paris 1863; Ser 3: 156-162.

[2] Young JH. Caesarean section. The history and development of the operation from earliest times. London: HK Lewis and Co, 1944.

[3] Wright St Clair RE. “Historical aspect of caesarean section”, NZ Med J 1963; 62: 409-412.

[4] Ullman N. Islamic survey: II. Islamic medicine. Edinburgh: University Press. 1978.

[5] Naqvi NH. “James Barlow (1767-1839): Operator of the first successful caesarean section in England.” Br J obstet Gynaecol 1985; 92: 468-472.

[6] Brügel JE. “Medieval Arab Medicine.” In: Leslie C, ed. Asian medical systems: a comparative study. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1976: 44-62.

[7] Brown EG. Arabian Medicine, The Fitz Patrick lectures delivered to the College of Physicians. November 1919-November 1920. Connecticut: Hyperion Press Inc. 1983.

[8] Boss J. “The antiquity of Caesarean section with maternal survival, the Jewish Tradition.” Med Hist 1961; 5; 117-130.

[9] Ritter JW. “Post mortem Caesarean section.” JAMA 1961; 175: 715-716.

[10] Said HM. Said HM. Al-Biruni’s book on pharmacy and materia medica. Edited and translated. Karachi: Hamdard National Foundation, 1973.

[11] Spink MS. “Arabian gynaecological, obstetrical and genito-urinary practice. Illustrated from Albucasis.” Proc Roy Soc Med (Section History of Medicine) 1937; XXX: 653-670.

[12] Arnold TW. “The Caesarean section in an Arabic manuscript 707 A.H.” In: Arnold TW, Nicholson RA, eds. A volume of Oriental studies presented to EG Brown. Cambridge: The University Press, 1922: 5-7.

[13] Torpin R. Vafaie I. “The birth of Rustam.” Am J Obstet Gynecol 1961; 81: 185-189.

[14] Binyon L. Wilkinson JVS, Gray B. Persian miniature painting. London: Oxford University Press, 1933.

[15] Haeuber A. “Der Kaiserschmitt im islamischen Kulturkreis.” Geburtsch. U. travenheilk. 1969; 29: 1101-1108.

*FRCA, Consultant Anaesthetist, Bolton General Hospital, Bolton.

by: Dr. Nasim Hasan Naqvi, Tue 20 December, 2011

Source: Muslim Heritage Dot Com
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Jan
07
2012

Got Money? Then You Might Lack Compassion

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January 7, 2012

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Pity the poor plutocrat. Politicians want to tax them, Occupy Wall Streeters mock them, 99% of their fellow citizens are mad at them (even if they secretly want to be one of them). Now comes word from the University of California, Berkeley, that is not likely to send their approval ratings any higher: a new study has confirmed that the richer you are the less compassionate you are — and don’t gloat, you upper-middle classers, that includes you too.


In a study just published in the straightforwardly named journal Emotion, psychologist Jennifer Stellar sought to determine the empathic capacities of a sample group of 300 college students, who had been hand-selected for maximum economic diversity. As a rule, of course, college students have just one income level: poor — which is why they spend so much time writing home for money. Stellar thus chose her subjects based on the income of the people who respond to the requests and write the checks: the parents.




In the first of three experiments, she had 148 of her subjects fill out a detailed questionnaire reporting how often and how intensely they experience emotions such as joy, love, compassion and awe. She also had them agree or disagree with statements like “I often notice people who need help.” Such self-reported data ought to be notoriously unreliable, since not many of us are likely to respond honestly if our answers make us look like a louse. But personality inventories are a long-standing staple of psychological testing — especially since the scoring is designed to correct for self-flattering grade inflation.

(MORE: How Being Socially Connected May Sap Your Empathy)

When the numbers on these inventories were crunched, Stellar and her colleagues found no meaningful personality differences among the students that could be attributable to income except one: across the board, the lower the subjects’ family income, the higher their score on compassion.

The second study involved a smaller group of 64 subjects who watched two videos — an emotionally neutral instructional video on construction techniques, and a far more charged one that involved real families coping with a cancer-stricken child. Again, the subjects filled out emotional inventories and again they scored similarly on most mood metrics, including sadness. But the lower-income volunteers continued to come out higher on the compassion-and-empathy scale.

During this part of the study, Stellar also hooked her volunteers up to heartbeat monitors to determine their physical reactions to the two videos. There was, not surprisingly, no difference in heart rate when the instructional video was playing, but when the cancer stories began, the heartbeats of the lower-income volunteers slowed noticeably — a counterintuitive sign of caring. An immediate threat to ourselves or another causes heart rate to jump, the better to snap into action to respond to the danger. An emotional crisis can have the opposite physical effect on observers — helping them settle down to provide the quieter attention that simply listening and consoling requires.

“We have found that, during compassion, the heart rate lowers as if the body is calming itself to take care of another person,” Stellar says.

(MORE: Why Are College Students Reporting Record-High Levels of Stress?)

In the final part of the study, 106 of the participants were paired off and told to interview each other as if they were applying for a make-believe position as lab manager. So that the subjects would have real skin in the game, the ones who performed best in the interviews — as judged by Stellar and her team — would win a cash prize. All of the subjects reported feeling the same levels of stress or anxiety when they were being interviewed, but only the lower-income subjects were reliably able to detect the same feelings in their partner when the roles were reversed.




So does this mean the rich really are the unfeeling boors the lower half say they are? Well yes — and no. A low score on the compassion scale doesn’t mean a lack of capacity for the feeling, Stellar argues. It may just mean a lack of experience observing — and tending to — the hardship others. Perhaps that helps explain why so many wealthy college kids find their way into the Peace Corps and other volunteer groups. If suffering doesn’t find you, you go out and find it yourself — and come home more emotionally complete for the experience.

(MORE: The Rich Are Different: More Money, Less Empathy)

Source: TIME Magazine, Kluger is a senior editor at TIME

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Jan
07
2012

Not Birdbrains Anymore: Scientists Discover Pigeons Can Count

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January 7, 2012

Researchers at the University of Otago in New Zealand reported in the journal Science that pigeons can compare pairs of images and order them by the lower to higher number:William van der Vliet

In a world of birds that includes the flamingo, the toucan and the bald eagle, it can’t be much fun to be a pigeon. Your plumage options are mostly limited to gray and black, plus an iridescent neck band faintly resembling spoiled luncheon meat. Your song — to the extent it exists at all — is a tedious cooing, a little like playing the pennywhistle while the rest of the birds learn flugelhorn. Your one talent, provided you’re male, involves puffing yourself up — the pigeon equivalent of tousling your hair — and chasing females around on the sidewalk. Can’t imagine why the ladies wouldn’t swoon at that move.


But according to a new paper published in the journal Science, the pigeon rep may have just improved considerably. This most proletarian of birds apparently knows how to count. (See the top 10 heroic animals.)

Plenty of animals, including honeybees, have been shown to have a rudimentary ability to recognize numerosity: distinguishing between two groups of objects when one contains a smaller number of items and the other contains a larger number. But taking the next conceptual step — putting three or more groups in sequence from lowest to highest — is well beyond them. Only if you can make that intuitive leap can you truly be said to be performing simple math. In a landmark study in 1998, a team of researchers led by cognitive neuroscientist Elizabeth Brannon of Duke University found that rhesus monkeys could be taught just such arithmetical reasoning. This year, another group, led by comparative psychologist Damian Scarf of the University of Otago in Dunedin, N.Z., decided to see if pigeons could be just as mathematically adept.




Looking for signs of higher intelligence in birds is not the fool’s errand it once seemed. In recent years, all manner of bird species have been shown to be capable of all manner of cognitive feats — from the Caledonian crows that can fashion tools out of bent paper clips to the rooks (another species of crow) that can drop stones in a jar in order to raise the level of water and snatch a floating treat to the blue jays that are savvy enough to hide food in one place when other birds are watching and then hide it somewhere else when the onlookers are gone. (Read about China’s secret weapon: the messenger pigeon.)

Scarf and his colleagues began their search for mathematical ability in pigeons by training subject birds to recognize groups of one, two or three objects on a screen and peck at them in proper numerical sequence. This, admittedly, was not an easy lesson to get across. It took about a year of practice and rewards before the pigeons could be said with certainty to have gotten the idea. The birds may have actually understood earlier, but the researchers had to make sure they were indeed responding to the number of items, as opposed to their color, shape or relative size. As a result, the pigeons had to be trained with random selections of ovals, triangles, rectangles and even computer clip art before it was clear they had their counting skills down cold.




Even that, however, wasn’t enough to put the birds in the same math class as the monkeys. What they’d have to do next was apply the rule they’d learned with the numbers one, two and three to larger, novel numbers they hadn’t encountered before. To test that ability, the investigators exposed the pigeons not to three groups of shapes at a time but to just two, and the numbers of objects in each changed continuously. Sometimes the birds were shown pairs of groups containing two familiar quantities (one to three); other times they were shown groups containing two novel ones (four to nine objects); other times they were shown a mixed pair of familiar and novel. In all three cases, they were able to peck the groups in the correct ascending sequence, repeatedly performing above mere chance. (Read how pigeons remember that you hate them and how they’ll probably plot revenge later.)

What’s more, the pigeons, like the monkeys, consistently performed better when the difference between the numbers of objects in the two groups was wider (two and eight, for example) and worse when it was narrower (five and six, say). This is the same as saying they did better on the easier questions than on the harder ones, which is pretty much what you can say about all of us when we learn a new skill. The striking thing was that the birds did learn.

“I thought it was amazing that monkeys could do this,” Brannon, the leader of the rhesus study, told Science, “so we should be even more impressed that pigeons can too.”

O.K., none of this is exactly calculus, and human beings can be pretty confident that their spot atop the math ladder is secure. But the new findings are one more sign that other animals do occupy their own, often impressive rungs — and that the gap between us and them is getting narrower all the time.

Source : TIME Magazine
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Jan
07
2012

China’s Going to the Moon — And That’s Good for Everyone

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January 7, 2012

Nobody gets to the moon by accident. If you’re a rocket scientist and know what you’re doing, Earth’s little sister ought not be such a challenging target. It’s huge — a whopping 2,155 mi. (3,468 km) across. It’s close — a mere 239,000 mi. (385,000 km) from Earthly launch pads. And if you take an as-the-crow-flies route, you can get there in just three days. That’s a walk to the 7-11 in a cosmos in which distances are measured in billions of light years.




And yet a trip to the moon is one that only a small handful of countries have made with robot ships and only one country has made with astronauts. As for Mars and the worlds beyond? You can get there alright — at least with unmanned probes — although it takes a lot of effort and a mountain of money and the United States is the only country which has had any success.

(VIDEO: Layoffs and Hardship for Space-Shuttle Workers)

But the U.S. has not been thinking much about manned space travel lately. This year will mark the 40th anniversary of the final Apollo mission, which was followed — far less thrillingly — by the space shuttle, a short-haul cosmic truck whose sole job was to make milk runs to low Earth orbit. Now even the shuttle is gone, leaving the U.S. is to hitch rides aboard Russia’s Soyuz spacecraft if it wants to get to space at all. While NASA and Washington promise American astronauts will return to space soon, the destination and the target date are being only vaguely defined — little more than “somewhere” and “sometime,” which, in the space game, typically turns into “nowhere” and “never.”

And yet the sad and spent U.S. and Russian manned programs are not the only ones out there. There’s China too.

Just last week, the Chinese government released a white paper detailing its plans for space in the years ahead — plans that were impressive for their candor, specificity and ambition. It was only in 2003 that the Chinese put their first astronaut in orbit. They followed in 2008 with a three-person mission that included a spacewalk, and followed that with an unmanned docking of two spacecraft in Earth orbit. This year, Beijing plans a manned docking. Meantime, two unmanned Chinese spacecraft have already orbited the moon, reconnoitering the surface for an unmanned lander that is planned for 2016 — and for manned missions sometime after that. And in case your response is, “So what? The U.S. did all this stuff before Nixon even went to China,” here’s what: The U.S. can’t rouse itself to do a lot of it anymore and, like it or not, China can.

(PHOTOS: 10 Strange Objects Launched into Space)

Manned space travel is a uniquely elective business. It’s very hard and very expensive, yes, but since the beginning of the 20th century, the basic tools have always been within — or just outside — our technical grasp. There was something exquisitely understated about President Kennedy’s 1962 speech in which he committed the U.S. to a manned lunar program. Kennedy didn’t say that we were destined to go to the moon; he didn’t even say it was essential we go. “We choose to go,” was all he said — a formulation that was at once both prosaic and powerful. We choose an entrée; we choose a tie; we choose to send human beings to another world, set them down on the surface and bring them home safely bearing extraterrestrial rocks and soil. Simple as that.




The follow-through, of course, is a wee bit harder than the choice, and in recent years, that’s where the U.S. has performed abysmally. We choose to go to Mars! the first President Bush declared in 1989, until his budget team crunched the numbers and put the likely price tag at $500 billion, whereupon the grand idea was quietly shelved. We choose to go back to the moon! the second President Bush announced in 2004 — until the plan ran over budget and over deadline, which is true of virtually any successful space program that’s even been attempted, but was more than enough justification for the Obama administration to cancel the plan.

NASA has become so adept at start-stop projects that savvy readers of space agency press releases can even handicap the odds of something actually getting off the ground simply by counting the conditionals used in the phrasing. The more references to what a planned spacecraft “would” do or the discoveries it “could” make, the less likely it’ll get past the dream stage. This does more than destroy NASA’s credibility and damage agency morale; it also costs money. More than $9 billion was spent developing the booster for the recently scrapped moon program — $9 billion we’re never getting back. And it’s not like we were chasing some cold fusion rainbow here. We were building a rocket — something we’re very, very good at doing. Either spend the cash and finish the job or don’t get started in the first place.

(MORE: Kluger: Why Apple Products Are Irresistible)

The shift in political winds that leads to all this backing and forthing is one that all participatory democracies face — and one a locked-down, one-party system like China’s doesn’t. The political bosses who make policy today will still be in power many tomorrows hence, and that old stalwart of the communist system — the five-year plan — offers a time horizon that’s well-suited to the long-term commitment a space program requires.




America’s bi-annual electoral shake-ups — not to mention the current pre-K atmosphere in Washington — provides no such predictability. And yet the same system was in place in the Apollo era. From Sputnik, in 1957, to the last moon landing, in 1972, the U.S. had four presidents and eight different Congresses, and while the battles over the space budget could be pitched, the goal — going to the moon — remained unshakable. That bipartisan constancy is absent in the present-day political sandbox.

None of this is to say it would be worth trading a Constitutional democracy for a one-party dictatorship. It is to say that until we get our Apollo-era mojo back, we could do worse than rooting for China to go the places we won’t. If the next flag on the moon or the first one on Mars turns out to be American, great. But the odds of that are not good. Someone’s got to carry the even higher banner of spacefaring homo sapiens — which is a broader category and a more primal affiliation than nation. We once chose to carry it for the world. Now we choose not to. So, er, go China — and here’s hoping we follow your lead.

(PHOTOS: The Best Space Pictures of 2011)

Source: TIME Magazine
Kluger is a senior editor at TIME and the author The Sibling Effect. The views expressed are solely his own.
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Jan
03
2012

Make Money Online with Affiliate Internet Marketing

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January 3, 2012

It is possible to earn online money without having own products or services. In this case, you should follow some instructions to make money. Then you will be able to realize how the money maker machine creates the money for you. Today, I will discuss about Affiliate Marketing and How to Earn from it. I have come to know many tips from Affiliate Internet Marketing Experts, and now I will share my experience and knowledge about it. So, be careful and sincere in reading the Article.

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To start the thing, you should be well aware of it. Then you will be one of the experts in internet. So, do you know what Affiliate Internet Marketing is? You may call it Affiliate Marketing, Associate Internet Marketing, Associate Marketing and Partnership Marketing also.


Affiliate Internet Marketing is one of the popular and best ways of making online money from home. It does not require own products or services. So, how you can earn without own product or service? It’s very easy. Because you will simply promote and deliver others Products and Services through their specific free online Affiliate Programs. In this way, you will receive a kind of commission or incentives which depends on your affiliate agreements you agreed to.

How successful is the Affiliate Internet Marketing?

Surprisingly, Affiliate Internet Marketing has achieved the popularity that it is considered the fastest growing industry in the world of Internet. It is also known as one of the fastest and most fascinating ways of making online money from home, job and career online and so on. It is true to say that a huge number of internet businesses grew bigger than the existing offline business. Sometimes it is beyond expectation. Affiliate Marketing is one of them. It plays a vital role to these successes. Undoubtedly, most of the Online Businesses, even the makers of the world’s top brands, depends on an Affiliate Management companies to manage their affiliate programs.

Who invented this Affiliate Internet Marketing?

A portion of the literate persons believe that Affiliate Marketing has started at a cocktail party. Jeff Bezos, CEO and founder of Amazon.com, was  chatting with one woman-guest who wanted to sell books on her web site. This idea shakes the founder of Amazon. He was started to think of it. He asked “ why haven’t the woman link her site to Amazon’s and receive a commission on the books that she sold?” In this way, Jeff Bezos introduces the Amazon Associate Program on Amazon.com. This is a free online affiliate program. It can be termed as just a simple money making idea from home by marketing in internet. Amazon Affiliate or Associate will place banner or text links on their site for individual books or link directly to the Amazon’s front page.




But it was contested that Amazon.com is the first to introduce the affiliate program. According to Brad Waller, VP of EPage.com’s Affiliate Management, the affiliate program for EPage started in April 1996 as evidenced by “The CDNow Story: Rags to Riches on the Internet”. Hence, CDNow’s affiliate program is earlier than Amazon.com’s by more than a year.

However, this is a problem at all. I know you are here to make money online. So, let’s leave it to them.

Popular terminologies used in Affiliate Internet Marketing

  • AD – Advertisement, text, banner, flash, video etc.
  • CPA – Cost per action
  • CPC – Cost per click
  • CPL – Cost per lead
  • CPM – Cost per mil
  • CPS – Cost per sale
  • CR – Conversion rate
  • CTR – Click through rate
  • DRM – Dynamic rich media, a type of ad
  • EPC – Earnings per click / earnings per 100 clicks
  • OPM – (or APM) – outsourced (affiliate) program management
  • PFI – Pay for inclusion
  • PFP – Pay For performance
  • PPC – Pay per click
  • PPCSE – Pay per click search engine
  • PPI – Pay per impression
  • PPL – Pay per lead
  • PPS – Pay per sale
  • ROI – Return on investment
  • SE – Search engines
  • SEM – Search engine marketing
  • SEO – Search engine optimization
  • SERP – Search engine result page




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Jan
02
2012

How To Make Money Fast By Blogging From Home

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January 2, 2012

“How To Make Money Fast From Home”, this is being searched by the people through internet and it seems to be an important issue worldwide. Everyday it breaks its records in search Engines like Google, Yahoo etc. Thousands of clicks are touching the issue everyday. The freelancer and website owners are getting Millions of money from their websites and contents. Many people can’t believe that it is possible to earn a huge amount of money from home. But Consciously or unconsciously they search the topic on Google or Yahoo, when they use internet. So, it is a burning issue on the internet world. So, I am making the topic clear to you, the reader and visitor of Wikimega. Here you will find a number of tips and tricks about Online Earning and Earning from Home also.


Most of the people want to live independently. They  realizes that working on a Office from 8 am to 5 pm or on a job where they have to work 40 hours a week for 40 years is not the ideal way of earning and living. It is true that we have to strive for living. But it does not mean that we have to be Robotic. There are many ways to earn money for the survival. Now I am discussing about the Online Earning System. There are also thousands of ways to earn money from home through internet. It may be Online or Offline. Affiliate Marketting, selling ebooks, writing contents, designing websites, developing web pages, data entry, stock market investment, forex etc. are some examples of online earning from home. You may also share your ideas and experiences here on wikimega on this topic. You will find a form to make a comment below. If you wish, you can write here.

How To Make Money by Blogging

At present, people are going to realize that blogging is one of the best ways to start earning from home. It may be called begin of the beginners. However, you may select blogging to start your own business. It may require a minimum start up costs. But now-a-days, people are earning money from blogging with many free blog sites like WordPress, Blogger etc. You can build up your blog from free blog site suppliers. If you can build up a lucrative and impressive and porn free blog site,however, you can be able to earn more and more. You must make it loyal readership over time and you have to be sincere about monetizing your blog site. It can bring a decent income that will be continued whether you update your blog or not.

To set up a blog online, you may follow many ways as you wish. You will find WordPress, Blogger or such kind of websites that host Free Blog site for you. If you wish, you can buy a domain and hosing to set up your blog site. In both ways, you can design your blog according to your choice, because there are millions of free templates for you on internet. Just search through google and install one to your hosting as your choice.

There is some limitation on free blogging accounts. Such as, you will not have full control over the blog site that hosts from free blogging site. And You will be bound by their terms and conditions. It can be a wall to promote your site spontaneously. In this way, you may face some problem to earn serious money from your blog sites. There are thousands of millions of proofs that the free hosting site can be vanished without any prior notice some weeks or months later. And your all toil will be vain. So, it is well and good that you should buy a domain and hosting to build a blog site in terms of online earning from home by blogging. However, it is also true that millions of people are making smart amount of money from free hosting blog site. It seems to be another side of a coin.

It requires a few dollars to buy a domain under full control and to set up a web server you may pay approximately 50-100 Dollars per year. But your income may be $500-$5000 a month from your blog site. In this way, you will get full freedom on your blog site. When you will buy a domain and hosting, you need to install a choice-able theme and layout for your blog according to your choice and it should match to the Title Of you Blog. You will find that on Google relates to your choice within a moment. It might be the one that you just like the look of. You should pick one that best suited to your topic and subject of the blog. Then it might be the impressive to the visitors. You should make your blog as simple as you think. You should avoid ads here and there on the front page of your blog.

To make your blog acceptable to the visitors worldwide, you must concern what you are going to blog about. The entire world on your hand and thousands of millions of Topics are there to discuss about. It may be about your life style, may be your daily life, may blog about your jobs, some blog about their hobbies and hopes, some tell the world about their thoughts, may be all advices to guide you, some like to discuss about celebrities on their blogs. Your blog should be your passion, then your blog will be more acceptable to the visitor. It may exceed your expectation also. Remember that you must be active in making one more posts under one topic and everyday you should be logged on to your blog to make a post so that the reader will realize your enthusiasm for your blog. Otherwise, they will lose their interest on it to read them.

50% done now, you have to choose a subject. Now you have to start writing your blog posts and make it grammatically accurate as your ability. For better popularity, you should write around 400-500 words for each posts with an abundance of information regarding the topic. There is no limitation to write your posts also. If you write longer than thousand words, it may be called e-book by another name. You may make some short blog at first, and then you will go forward with long and longer posts. You can make your homepage with a number of short and long articles briefly under their headings so that the visitors can click the Headings they like most.

It is to be noted that there is actually no real rules when it appears on blog. Just follow the renowned blog site in internet by searching on Google, and try to make your blog easy to browse and read. Then your readers will enjoy your blog and frequently they will visit it. In this way you will start to make online money from home by blogging. An important thing is that you must avoid copying contents from another blog. If you need to copy contents, you must specify the Source on it. You have to connect your blog to the Social Media and community websites like Facebook, Twetter etc.  Now you are posting to it on a regular basis means your going to earn online money.  You need to build a profile for your blog to do SEO (Search Engine Optimization) so that you will get a handsome Traffic to it. If you really think of it, it will make a plenty of traffic without any cost.

Now, I am telling how to make Online Money Making Machine on your blog. It is so easy as you have a nice platform with your blog in internet. There are many ways to do that. Google Adsense, Infolinks etc. are the most popular ways at present. So, you need to be registered on Google Adsense, Infolinks and wait for their approval and verification. Within a week you will get the permission to access their services to your blog. Then you will get money from your every visitor as there are contextual ads which will tempt your visitors to click on it. It will make more and more money day by day and everyday.

When your balance will reach at $100, Google Adsense will send you a check. And you can make it cash at any time. Infolinks will send you money, when it reaches at $50. They will send you worldwide acceptable Master Debit Card also.

When you will be more established, you can offer ad space on your blog too and charge a fee for both classified and display ads if you want. In this case, you will specify your own price.

If you want you can sell your blog after its establishment in internet. It can ten times of revenue and traffic. Again you can start from the first with a new idea and new subject.

So, why are you late? Start now and enjoy blogging and earn online money from home by blogging.

Best Of Luck…

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Jan
01
2012

Happy New Year-2012 To All

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January 1, 2012

HAPPY NEW YEAR-2012

Wish You All The Best…

From Wikimega Family

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Dec
27
2011

JSC,Junior School Certificate Exam-2011 Result

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December 27, 2011

JSC or Junior school certificate Examination 2011 or Class Eight Terminal Examination Result 2011 will be published on 28th December,2011 at 4.30pm pm in Bangladesh. The students and parents are requested to visit the website to get the result as early as published from Intermediate and Secondary Education Boards, Bangladesh. Here I have added some website’s address and the ways to have your desired result. So, please keep visiting the website ….

To Get Result Easily, Just Click the Links Below:

Click Here To Get Your Result of JSC Exam

JSC Result, Click Here Now

or Click Here For JSC Result or Click Here

Click Here To get District wise Result…Coming soon

Scholarship Result … Coming soon

Follow the instructions and procedures to get your results via Mobile Phone…

SMS Method

JSC <Space> First 3 letters of Board name <Space> Roll No. SEND to 16222

Such as:   JSC Dha 101010   and Send to 16222

or JDC <Space> First 3 letters of Board name <Space> Roll No. SEND to 16222

Example: JDC Dha 101010   and Send to 16222

All JSC examinees are cordially invited to the Website to collect your result.It is noted that Wikimega will publish the result from the Website of Ministry Of Education,Bangladesh without any change.So, We are inspiring you to think about the site positively.Wikimega is highly encouraging you to visit the site of Ministry Of Education,Bangladesh.We expect to have a qualitative change in our Country through the JSC Exams and its result.

Best Of Luck.

In Bengali:

আপনার মোবাইলের মাধ্যমেও পরীক্ষার্থীদের ফলাফল জানা যাবে।

ফলাফল পেতেঃ

মোবাইলের Message অপশনে গিয়ে JSC লিখে একটা space দিয়ে প্রার্থীর নিজ বোর্ডের নামের প্রথম তিন অক্ষর লিখে আবার space দিয়ে রোল নম্বর লিখে SEND করুন ১৬২২২ নম্বরে।

JSC <Space> First 3 letters of Board name <Space> Roll No. SEND to 16222

যেমনঃ

JSC Dha 101010 লিখে Send করুন 16222 নম্বরে।

জুনিয়র স্কুল সার্টিফিকেট এবং এর সমমানের পরীক্ষা-2011 এর ফলাফল প্রকাশিত হবে এ মাসের 28 তারিখে। ইন্টারনেটে পাওয়া তথ্য অনুযায়ী, এ মাসের 28 তারিখে JSC পরীক্ষার ফলাফল প্রকাশিত হবে। অত্যন্ত আনন্দের সাথে জানাচ্ছি যে, JSC-2011 এর ফলাফল প্রকাশিত হওয়ার সাথে সাথেই উইকিমেগা তা প্রকাশ করবে। তাই, সকল JSC পরীক্ষার্থীকে এই ওয়েব সাইটে আমন্ত্রণ জানাচ্ছি। উইকিমেগা সবসময়ই চেষ্টা করে সহজ পথ প্রদর্শন করতে।

প্রকৃত অর্থে, ফলাফল প্রকাশিত হবে শিক্ষা মন্ত্রনালয়ের ওয়েবসাইটে। পরীক্ষার্থীদের সুবিদার্থে উইকিমেগা এই ফলাফল কোন পরিবর্তন না করেই এখানে প্রকাশ করবে।

আগামী 28শে ডিসেম্বর, 2011 প্রকাশিত হবে জুনিয়র স্কুল সার্টিফিকেট পরীক্ষার ফলাফল। আমাদের সাথেই থাকুন।

তাই, পরীক্ষার্থীদেরকে বাংলাদেশ শিক্ষা মন্ত্রনালয়ের ওয়েবসাইট ভিজিট করার জন্য অনুরোধ করা যাচ্ছে।

JSC পরীক্ষার মধ্য দিয়ে বাংলাদেশের শিক্ষা ব্যবস্থার আমুল পরিবর্তন হবে এই প্রত্যাশায় উইকিমেগা সকল JSC পরীক্ষার্থীকে জানায়- শুভ কামনা।

বাংলাদেশ শিক্ষা মন্ত্রনালয়ের ওয়েবসাইটগুলোঃ

বাংলাদেশ শিক্ষা মন্ত্রনালয়
বাংলাদেশ শিক্ষা বোর্ড

চট্টগ্রাম শিক্ষা বোর্ড

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Dec
25
2011

Primary And Ebtadayee (Class Five) Terminal Examination Result 2011

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December 25, 2011

Primary And Ebtadayee (Class Five) Terminal Examination Result 2011 will be published on 26th December,2011 at 10 am-12 pm in Bangladesh. The students and parents are requested to visit the website to get the result as early as published from Directorate of Primary Education, Government of the People’s Republic Bangladesh. HereI have added some website address and the ways to have your desired result. So, please keep visiting the website ….

To Get Result Easily, Just Click the Links Below:

Click Here To Get Your Result of PSC Exam

or Click Here For Class Five Result

Click here to get Information about result of DPE

Click Here To get District wise Result

Scholarship Result … Coming soon

SMS Method
FOR GENERAL EDUCATION & KEYWORD: DPE
DPE<>THANA CODE<>ROLL
Example: DPE 12345 23458     Send to 16222
Reply: DPE ROLL: 23458, GPA:—–
FOR MADRASA (EBTEDAI) & KEYWORD: EBT
EBT<>THANA CODE<>ROLL
Example: EBT 12345 23458    Send to 16222
Reply: EBT ROLL: 23458, GPA:—–

Follow the instructions and procedures to get your results…

 In Bengali:

 কাল প্রাথমিক ও ইবতেদায়ী পরীক্ষার ফল প্রকাশ

প্রাথমিক ও ইবতেদায়ী শিক্ষা সমাপনী পরীক্ষা ২০১১-এর ফল আগামীকাল ২৬ ডিসেম্বর সোমবার প্রকাশ করা হবে। পরীক্ষার ফলাফলের কপি সকাল ১০টায় প্রধানমন্ত্রীর কাছে হস্তান্তরের পর সকল জেলা, উপজেলা/থানায় একযোগে ফল প্রকাশের সিদ্ধান্ত গ্রহণ করা হয়েছে।

গতকাল শনিবার এক তথ্য বিবরণীতে এ কথা বলা হয়।

এ বিষয়ে ২৬ ডিসেম্বর সোমবার বিকাল আড়াইটায় প্রাথমিক ও গণশিক্ষা মন্ত্রণালয়ের সমেলন কক্ষে সংবাদ সম্মেলনের আয়োজন করা হয়েছে। এতে প্রাথমিক ও গণশিক্ষা মন্ত্রী ডা. মো. আফছারুল আমীন ফলাফলের বিভিন্ন দিক তুলে ধরে সাংবাদিকদের ব্রিফ করবেন।

পরীক্ষার ফল প্রাথমিক শিক্ষা অধিদপ্তর-এর ওয়েবসাইট www.dpe.gov.bd A- বা help :// dpe.teletalk.com.bd-এ পাওয়া যাবে।

এ ছাড়া টেলিটক মোবাইল ফোন থেকে নিম্নরূপে ফল জানা যাবে (১) প্রাথমিক শিক্ষা সমাপনী পরীক্ষার ফল জানার জন্য- DPE< >THANA/UPZILA CODE< > ROLL, Example- DPE 12345 23458 send to 16222 Reply DPE ROLL :23458 .GPA ……. (২) ইবতদায়ী শিক্ষা সমাপনী পরীক্ষার

ফল জানার জন্য- EBT < > THANA/UPZILA CODE< > ROLL, Example- EBT ROLL :2345 23458 send to 16222 ,Reply EBT ROLL :23458 , GPA …. উল্লেখ্য, সরকারি অথবা রেজিস্টার্ড বেসরকারি প্রাথমিক বিদ্যালয়ের EMIS কোড নম্বরের প্রথম ৫টি ডিজিট উপজেলা/থানা কোড হিসেবে ব্যবহার করতে হবে যা প্রাথমিক শিক্ষা অধিদপ্তরের ওয়েবসাইট, সংশ্লিষ্ট জেলা প্রাথমিক শিক্ষা অফিস, উপজেলা/থানা শিক্ষা অফিস ও প্রাথমিক বিদ্যালয় থেকে জানা যাবে। Source

 

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Dec
21
2011

Admission Test Result of Govt.High School in Chittatong for Class Five,Six and Nine

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December 21, 2011

Now Govt. and Private high schools and primary schools are taking Admission test exams for the students of class five,six and nine in Chittagong. Most of the renowned schools have their own websites to publish the Admission test result. So, you the students and parents should browse the internet to have latest news and Admission test results from those schools.Here I have given some website address where you will get the information of Admission test result.

Govt. and Private Schools’ website in Chittagong

1. Chittagong Collegiate School

2. Chittagong Government High School

3.Chittagong Govt. Girls’ High School

4.Government Muslim High School

5.Nasirabad Govt. High School

6.Chittagong Cantonment Public College

7.Ctg. Municipal Model School & College

8.Bangladesh Bank Colony High School

9.Central Public School & College

More Schools will be added here…

চট্টগ্রামের সরকারী ও বেসরকারী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ের ভর্তি পরীক্ষার ফলাফল জানতে উপরের ওয়েবসিয়াট গুলোতে ক্লিক করুন।

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